翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Judicial minimalism ・ Judicial misconduct ・ Judicial murder ・ Judicial nominating commission ・ Judicial notice ・ Judicial officer ・ Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore ・ Judicial opinion ・ Judicial override ・ Judicial panel ・ Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ・ Judicial Papyrus of Turin ・ Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993 ・ Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 ・ Judicial reform ・ Judicial reform of Alexander II ・ Judicial restraint ・ Judicial review ・ Judicial review in Canada ・ Judicial review in Denmark ・ Judicial review in English law ・ Judicial review in Hong Kong ・ Judicial review in Malaysia ・ Judicial review in New Zealand ・ Judicial review in Scotland ・ Judicial review in South Africa ・ Judicial review in Sweden ・ Judicial review in Switzerland ・ Judicial review in the Philippines ・ Judicial review in the Republic of Ireland Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Judicial reform of Alexander II ： ウィキペディア英語版 Judicial reform of Alexander II The judicial reform of Alexander II is generally considered one of the most successful and consistent of all his reforms (along with the military reform). A completely new court system and order of legal proceedings were established. The main results were the introduction of a unified judicial system instead of a cumbersome set of estates of the realm courts, and fundamental changes in criminal trials. The latter included the establishment of the principle of equality of the parties involved, the introduction of public hearings, the jury trial, and a professional advocate that had never existed in Russia. However, there were also problems, as certain obsolete institutions were not covered by the reform. Also, the reform was hindered by extrajudicial punishment, introduced on a widespread scale during the reigns of his successors – Alexander III and Nicholas II. The judicial reforms started on 20 November 1864, when the tsar signed the decree which enforced four Regulations (Establishment of Judicial Settlements, Regulations of Civil Proceedings, Regulations of Criminal Proceedings, and Regulations of Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace). ==Court system== The court system of Imperial Russia had remained intact since the reign of Catherine II. It included Estates-of-the-realm courts for different estates of the realm. Alexander II introduced a unified two-level system which consisted of ''General judicial settlements'' (Общие судебные установления) and ''Local judicial settlements'' (Местные судебные установления), where ''settlement'' (''установление'') stands for ''body'' or ''office''. Courts were separated from the executive branch. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Judicial reform of Alexander II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.